The origins of Unilever trace to two separate companies: Lever Brothers, founded by William Hesketh Lever in 1885 in Bolton, England, and Margarine Unie, a Dutch company formed through the merger of two margarine producers in 1927.
William Lever founded Lever Brothers to manufacture and sell Sunlight Soap, one of the first branded and packaged consumer goods products in the United Kingdom. Lever's innovation was to sell soap in uniform, pre-cut bars with consistent quality, rather than the variable-quality bulk soap that was the norm at the time. The Sunlight Soap brand was a commercial success, and Lever Brothers expanded rapidly through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, acquiring soap and food businesses in the United Kingdom, Europe, and internationally.
Margarine Unie was formed in 1927 through the merger of Jurgens and Van den Bergh, two Dutch margarine producers that had been competing with each other for decades. Both companies had also expanded into soap production, creating direct competition with Lever Brothers.
In 1929, Lever Brothers and Margarine Unie merged to form Unilever, creating one of the largest consumer goods companies in the world. The merger was structured as a dual-listed company, with Unilever plc listed in the United Kingdom and Unilever N.V. listed in the Netherlands. The two entities operated as a single economic entity but maintained separate legal structures for tax and regulatory reasons.
Through the mid-20th century, Unilever expanded its portfolio through acquisitions and organic growth, building positions in food, personal care, and household products across Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa. The company's emerging market operations, particularly in India through Hindustan Unilever Limited (a publicly listed subsidiary), became significant contributors to revenue and profit.
In 2000, Unilever launched a major restructuring program called Path to Growth, which aimed to reduce the company's brand portfolio from approximately 1,600 brands to approximately 400 brands, focusing investment on the largest and most profitable brands. The program resulted in the sale or discontinuation of hundreds of smaller brands.
In 2010, Unilever launched the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan, a comprehensive sustainability framework that set targets for reducing the company's environmental footprint while growing its business. The plan attracted significant attention from investors and sustainability advocates and influenced the company's product development and supply chain practices.
In 2017, Unilever rejected a takeover bid from Kraft Heinz, which had offered approximately 143 billion US dollars for the company. Unilever's board rejected the bid as fundamentally undervaluing the company, and Kraft Heinz withdrew its offer within days.
In 2020, Unilever simplified its dual-listed structure by consolidating its legal headquarters in the United Kingdom, ending the separate Unilever N.V. Dutch entity. The company's shares continue to trade on both the London Stock Exchange and Euronext Amsterdam.
In 2024, Unilever announced plans to demerge its Ice Cream business, which included Magnum, Walls, Ben & Jerry's, Breyers, and other ice cream brands. The demerger was completed in 2025, creating a separate publicly listed ice cream company. Hein Schumacher, who had been appointed CEO in 2023, stepped down in March 2025 and was succeeded by Fernando Fernandez.
For the full year 2025, Unilever reported underlying sales growth of approximately 4%, with strong performances from Beauty and Wellbeing and Personal Care. The company's Beauty and Wellbeing segment reported turnover of approximately 12.8 billion euros for 2025, and Personal Care reported approximately 13.2 billion euros.