Earl Tupper founded Tupperware in 1946 in Leominster, Massachusetts. Tupper had been working at DuPont and developed a method for purifying polyethylene slag, a byproduct of the oil refining process, into a flexible, non-toxic plastic that he called Poly-T. He used this material to create a line of lightweight, durable food storage containers with an innovative airtight seal.
Tupperware products were initially sold in department stores and hardware stores, but sales were slow because consumers did not understand how the airtight seal worked. In 1948, Brownie Wise, a single mother and saleswoman, began selling Tupperware through home parties in Florida. The home party format was highly effective because it allowed Wise to demonstrate the products in a social setting, and sales grew dramatically.
Earl Tupper recognized the power of the home party model and in 1951 pulled Tupperware from retail stores entirely, making home parties the exclusive sales channel. Brownie Wise became vice president of Tupperware Home Parties and was instrumental in building the direct sales organization. She was the first woman to appear on the cover of Business Week magazine in 1954.
Tupper sold Tupperware to Rexall Drug Company in 1958 for approximately $9 million. The company changed hands several times over the following decades, eventually becoming an independent publicly listed company.
Tupperware expanded internationally through the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, becoming a global brand with operations in more than 100 countries. The direct sales model translated well to international markets, particularly in developing countries where retail infrastructure was limited.
The company rebranded as Tupperware Brands Corporation in 2005 to reflect its broader portfolio of direct sales brands, which included Avroy Shlain (South Africa), BeautiControl (beauty products), Fuller Brush, NaturCare, Nutrimetics, and Nuvo. However, Tupperware remained the dominant brand in the portfolio.
Tupperware faced increasing challenges from the 2010s onward as the direct sales model declined and competition from retail and e-commerce channels intensified. The company made attempts to enter retail distribution, including partnerships with Target and other retailers, but these efforts were insufficient to reverse the decline.
The COVID-19 pandemic initially provided a temporary boost to Tupperware's sales as consumers focused on home cooking and food storage. However, the boost was short-lived, and the company's financial situation deteriorated rapidly in 2022 and 2023. Tupperware warned of going concern doubts in 2023 and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 2024.