Emirates was founded in March 1985 by the Government of Dubai with seed funding of just USD 10 million from the Dubai government. The airline was established to develop Dubai's aviation sector and support the emirate's ambitions as a global business and tourism hub.
The airline's founding was driven by a dispute between Gulf Air (which served Dubai at the time) and the Dubai government over routes and capacity. Rather than continue to rely on Gulf Air, Dubai's ruler Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum decided to establish Dubai's own national airline.
Emirates began operations on October 25, 1985, with two leased aircraft: a Boeing 737 and a Boeing 727. The airline's first routes were to Karachi and Mumbai. Maurice Flanagan, a British aviation executive, was appointed as the airline's first managing director.
Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, Emirates expanded rapidly, adding new routes across Asia, Europe, and Africa. The airline invested heavily in modern aircraft and premium cabin products, establishing a reputation for quality that differentiated it from other regional carriers.
In 1992, Emirates became one of the first airlines to introduce personal in-flight entertainment screens in all classes, a significant innovation that helped establish the airline's premium service reputation.
Emirates became a launch customer for the Airbus A380 superjumbo in 2000, ordering 58 aircraft. The A380 became central to Emirates' strategy of operating high-capacity aircraft on long-haul routes through its Dubai hub. Emirates eventually became the world's largest operator of the A380, with more than 100 aircraft in its fleet.
The airline's growth was closely linked to Dubai's development as a global business and tourism destination. Dubai International Airport expanded dramatically to accommodate Emirates' growth, and the airline's hub-and-spoke model through Dubai became one of aviation's most successful commercial strategies.
Tim Clark, who joined Emirates in 1985 and became President in 2003, was the architect of Emirates' long-haul hub strategy. Clark identified that Dubai's geographic location, roughly equidistant between Europe and Asia, made it an ideal hub for connecting passengers between the two regions.
Emirates' growth accelerated through the 2000s and 2010s. The airline expanded to more than 150 destinations across six continents, becoming the world's largest international airline by scheduled international passenger-kilometres flown.
The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted Emirates, which is entirely dependent on international travel. The airline grounded most of its fleet in 2020 and received financial support from the Dubai government. Emirates returned to profitability in fiscal year 2021-22 as international travel recovered.
In fiscal year 2023-24 (ended March 31, 2024), Emirates reported record revenue of approximately AED 128.7 billion (approximately USD 35 billion) and record profit of approximately AED 19.3 billion (approximately USD 5.2 billion), surpassing its previous records.